Bitcoin bei Microsoft Research
Hinter verschlossenen Türen
Bitcoin ruft bei Menschen, die mit Internet- und Computertechnik vertraut sind, regelmäßig großes Interesse und Zustimmung hervor. Darunter sind auch Mitarbeiter von Google und Microsoft. Obwohl von beiden Konzernen keine offizielle Stellungnahme zu Bitcoin vorliegt, kann davon ausgegangen werden, daß Bitcoin im Hintergrund genau untersucht wird.
Der treibende Grund für die Konzerne ist: Es gibt immer noch einen großen, unerschlossenen Markt für digitales Bezahlen im Internet. Insbesondere Bezahlen mit dem Mobiltelefon ist noch immer nicht einfach zugänglich. Bitcoin schickt sich an, hier schon bald eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen.
Selbst wenn sich bislang die großen "Spieler" bedeckt halten, weil es noch keine "herrschende Meinung" zu Bitcoin gibt - eines ist klar: Völlig unabhängig davon, wie jemand dazu steht - Bitcoin, die Idee einer digitalen Kryptowährung und damit die umfassendere Idee von freiem Marktgeld kann auf keinen Fall ignoriert werden. Es bleibt nur eine Frage der Zeit, bis sich das Verständnis davon weiter verbreitet.
Die Forschungsabteilung von Microsoft untersucht Bitcoin offenbar recht genau. Kürzlich wurde ein Forschungspapier veröffentlicht, das eine Schwachstelle im Bitcoin-Protokoll vermutet. Es bietet verschiedene Lösungswege an und rechnet deren Wahrscheinlichkeiten durch, mit welchen sich ein Gleichgewicht einstellt.
Die Forscher von Microsoft Research sind der Meinung, daß die einzelnen Knoten (also Rechner mit der Bitcoin-Software) keinen Anreiz haben, Nachrichten über Transaktionen weiterzuleiten. Da das aber die Grundlage für das funktionierende Peer-to-Peer-Netzwerk ist, bestehe also möglicherweise eine Gefahr, daß das Netzwerk zu schwach werden könnte.
Das Problem solle sich besonders in einigen Jahren bzw. Jahrzehnten auswirken, wenn "Miner"-Knoten zunehmend von Transaktionsgebühren profitieren und weniger von neu erzeugten Bitcoins.
Der Verbesserungsvorschlag tritt dafür ein, nicht nur die "Miner"-Knoten, die einen Block lösen zu belohnen, sondern auch diejenigen Knoten, die eine Transaktion weiterleiten. Über ein verschlüsselt abgesichertes Verfahren sollen diese bis zu einer bestimmten Tiefe an den Gebühren zu beteiligt werden.
Reaktionen der Bitcoin-Community
Viele Bitcoiner im Forum erkennen die Leistung der Forscher an. Der Beitrag scheint aber nur recht wenig relevant zu sein, vor allem momentan.
Für viele stellen die Ausgangsgedanken von Microsoft Research kein Problem dar, weil die Nutzer keine Möglichkeit haben, das Weiterleiten von Transaktionen zu unterbinden. Des weiteren ist der Aufwand für einen Knoten minimal, es handelt sich um wenige Bytes mit einer sehr niedrigen Frequenz im Sekundenbereich (also für Rechner große Zeitabschnitte ohne jegliche Aktivität, bzw. Resourcen für andere Programme).
Nicht unproblematisch sind die mathematischen Mittel der Beweise. Diese sind zur Bewertung nur bedingt geeignet, da die Microsoft-Forscher zur Vereinfachung auf hierarchischen, gerichteten Graphen rechnen. Die Netztopologie von Bitcoin ist jedoch ein vollkommen freier, ungerichteter Graph, also viel komplexer und stärker vernetzt. Er entzieht sich damit theoretischer Berechenbarkeit.
In der Praxis ist dies außerdem keine Schwachstelle, weil erst ein geänderters Bitcoin-Programm entwickelt werden müßte, das Transaktionen nicht weiterleitet. Das müßte dann auch noch von einer großen Mehrzahl der Bitcoin-Teilnehmer heruntergeladen und verwendet werden. Dazu besteht aber für den normalen Nutzer ebensowenig ein Anreiz wie für das angeblich problematische Verhalten.
Der Lösungsvorschlag von Microsoft würde das Weiterleiten der Transaktionen viel aufwendiger machen, da alle weiterleitenden Knoten aufgezeichnet und diese Daten signiert werden müßten, damit sie später belohnt werden können. Der Aufwand rechtfertigt hier nicht die Lösung des Problems, das von vielen nur als theoretisch eingestuft wird.
Zuletzt sinkende Anzahl von Knoten
Was stimmt ist: Zuletzt nahm die Anzahl der Knoten im Peer-to-Peer-Netzwerk bisweilen ab, da viele Nutzer die Bitcoin-Software nur starten, um Zahlungen zu tätigen und sie danach wieder schließen. Tatsächlich besteht hier kein Anreiz, die Software laufen zu lassen. Das von Microsoft Research beschriebene Problem ergäbe sich also, wenn es fast nur noch "Miner"-Knoten gibt, die tatsächlich einen Anreiz haben, Nachrichten über Transaktionen nicht an ihre Konkurrenten weiterzureichen. Einige einfache Vorschläge zur Lösung des Problems werden ebenfalls im Forum diskutiert. Dazu sind jedoch keine komplizierten, grundsätzlichen Änderungen am Bitcoin-Protokoll nötig, wie von Microsoft Research vorgeschlagen, sondern einfache praktikable Ansätze funktionieren schneller und besser.
Das Wenige-Knoten-Problem kann sich auch anders entwickeln, wenn mehr Händler und Dienste Bitcoin einsetzen. Einfluß auf den Einsatz der Bitcoin-Software hat auch, ob das Programm attraktiv ist, einfach zu benutzen und leicht einzubinden in andere Systeme. Ansonsten besteht eher ein Anreiz, Bitcoin über Online-Wallets oder spezialisierte Zahlungsdienste (vgl. OKPAY) einzusetzen.
Die gerade erschienene Version 0.5 der Bitcoin-Software geht jetzt entscheidend weiter in puncto Anwenderfreundlichkeit und Attraktivität.
Fazit
Microsoft Research hat hier ernsthaftes Interesse und Arbeit an Bitcoin gezeigt. Die aufgezeigten Schwächen haben aber nur akademisch-theoretische Bedeutung und richten sich hauptsächlich an theoretische Informatiker und Mathematiker, die sich mit Graphen- und Spieltheorie beschäftigen. Das haben die Forscher bei Microsoft Research selbst auf einer weiteren Seite klargestellt, mit der sie auf die Diskussion im Bitcoin-Forum reagierten. Die Veröffentlichung zeigt zwar legitime, theoretische Schwachpunkte auf, diese sind jedoch für den praktischen Betrieb von Bitcoin unerheblich. Bislang läuft das Netzwerk ohne jede Unterbrechung seit seinem Beginn im Jahr 2009. Wer sich weiter in das mathematisch aufwendige Forschungspapier vertiefen möchte findet den Link unten.
Besonders nach der Durchsicht der Originalquellen wird dann immer noch klarer, wie etwaige reißerisch japsende Meldungen irgendwelcher Online-Magazine über angebliche "verheerende Schwächen" im Bitcoin-System zu bewerten sind bzw. sein werden.
- On Bitcoin and Red Balloons - Forschungspapier von Microsoft Research
- Notes about “On Bitcoin and Red Balloons” - Reaktion und Klarstellung der Forscher als Reaktion auf die Antworten der Bitcoin-Community
- Diskussion im Bitcoin-Forum
- Anmelden um Kommentare zu schreiben
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Our Site sell with free shipping save up to 70 for you.buy with top quality,shop with fast free shipping!#13; "Really is an idiot." He will turn the car back Huong beauteous front of the building where the feast, to guard explains what he wanted, the car stopped at the door temporary imports, carrying Jiangli Ting bags to the elevator, the floor plan Shang wild rice bag to her. shopping#13; he approached the elevator discovered wrong, surrounded by a group of elevator doors imports Ren, they are facing the elevator hatch resent.#13; "What happened?"#13; "elevator malfunction, and there Ren trapped inside. kidding, I want to meet Jesus! climbed to the 19th floor, I will die!"#13; Yin Yue looked at the floor the elevator stops precisely Huong beauteous feast their location, January Shu pre 鱤 bad backs Quan Meng to let him get cold, he could not wait here, turn towards Shen fire escape and strode to Shang climb -#13; Yes, trapped in the elevator is Jiangli Ting Ren, and dark-red things like this happen -#13; Jiang Liting say goodbye Yin Yue Xing hurried to the elevator slowly on crutches because for a long time did not come to the company, she is very dark-red mortar, Yu agreed, with the guards said hello, my daughter and chatted with the counter a few words before we went to the elevator. free shipping#13; "coincidence, Jiang and my daughter."#13; "Mr. Lee."#13; in front of the elevator, Jiang Liting met Huong beauteous feast hospitality Ren, Li Guo Ze.#13; "Merlin percent to discuss the Mid-Autumn evening with something dark-red?" she laughed room. Today is to meet with him, she was a special trip to the company.#13; "Yes." Li Guo Ze smiled and answered. "I heard that Shang months after you leave the house from my car accident, I 鱤 to very guilty, if you stay down for dinner that day, would not such a terrible thing happen dark-red."#13; "Do not like said it was an accident. " wholesale#13; " No, I insist, the day you would not have if left to happen. "Li Guo Ze courtly authentic, has a strange language Genki assured.#13; Jiangli Ting certainly would not talk to him fight this thing dark-red, because there is no significance. Just elevator came, two Ren has a front and rear access to the elevator. Ren go#13; two floors are the same, the whole family Shang elevator door, slowly Shang floor.#13; floor, second floor ...... is about to go to their floor.#13; "You changed the phone?" Li Guo Ze abruptly asked, imports Genki with unhappy. "For a phone number?"#13; "Yes, because they were silent uproar phone interference so -" Jiangli Ting said with a joking kiss imports Zhengjingbabai Jiao Yin Yue Mun Road reason for her answer to a half to think of it ...... wholesale#13; not ah! Li Guo Ze are regular customers right, but she never gave him a call, how do you know she changed the phone number?#13; "Nan Ren Jiao is that you traded? open Lamborgini That? You make me very disappointed! "Li Guo Ze take forehead veins, table dark-red gentle twisting moment, he turned to Jiang Liting, one step closer. "We are the one pair! One pair!"#13; Jiangli Ting dumbfounded, but she was very calm with no sharp Jiao, "Mr. Lee, you calm down, we can really talk about."#13; "Who is he? You let him pick? you live together? I do not allow! "Li Guo Ze step by step approach, table dark-red grim, words with intimidation. "You are not obedient enough? Obedient to stay with me for dinner, would not an accident, and you are good, is not it?" He's an anti-strange just rage, but softened up. Ren#13; so afraid moderate.#13; "Mr. Lee ...... Guo Ze, you're right, we have to talk about it." She swallowed a swallow imports Miao, timid side is suppressed survival instinct, she is now just think of how to appease this horrible suitors, good until Ren rescue her. 2013#13; "Yes, Ren did not bother to find a good place to talk." said Li Guo Ze Ren with so scared eyes staring Jiangli Ting, and then press the elevator will reach the emergency s FFSDKA122F
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marc jacobs uk,Help En Wolf · Chapter 4 (1)khp